Motor Skills Learning in Golf Coaching Lesson

Question: Examine around three phases of engine learning and applying engine learning stages in training competitors. Answer: One of the essential perspectives, which should be investigated, is that the competitors ought to react and doesn't focus much on speculation on different angles. A viable mentor would focus in building up the grasping and tearing intensity of the competitors. In this way, engine adapting particularly at the beginning times assumes a significant job in the lives of the competitors by giving a thought of the development. Besides, it helps in understanding the essential example of coordination. For accomplishing every one of these targets, the student needs to utilize verbal and subjective conventions with the goal that the acclimated issues are effectively tended to (Carson, Collins and Richards 2014). From the point of view of Coach, it very well may be expressed that this basic worldview is amazingly useful for managing, understanding and consequently quickening the engine learning convention. In this way, a total clarification of every one of these stages should be tended to so as to advance viable instructing sway on the competitors (Jensen et al. 2015). Three Stages of Motor Learning The engine expertise obtaining factor depends on three unmistakable stages, for example Intellectual Stage, Associative Stage and the Autonomous Stage. Psychological Stage For another competitor, the issue identified with the psychological stage stays in understanding the whole situation. It is frequently extremely hard for a person to lean a fundamental aptitude without having any information in regards to the subject on a preceding note. Taking a case of butterfly stroke, which is regular in swimming practices, another student need to find out about the realities with respect to the unnatural stroke, which is related to the development of arms and the kicks (Lee and Schmidt 2014). A student would be exposed to various difficulties on the off chance that he/she is exposed to butterfly stroke without having a brief look at the occasion or acquiring related information in regards to the demonstration. In this manner, engine learning starts with the psychological stage alongside the handling of the essential data in regards to the demonstration. Psychological stage can be considered as the best boundary for the competitor as this stage includes the convention of data handling. This is otherwise called the verbal engine stage. The stage is seen as including the factor of movement (for example the verbal point of view) and obtaining (for example insight point of view) identified with the new data. In this stage, the individual attempting to process the data conveys an endeavor to the psychological so as to comprehend the essential prerequisites and the boundaries identified with the engine development. In the hypothesis of the new golf students, psychological stage assumes a significant job which should be broke down by the mentor successful and efficiently. The amateur students need to experience a golf exercise in the start of the course. Having never observed a golf player playing the game in a characterized style would not trigger the fervor and the excited with respect to the game. The mentor need to comprehend that each student is a small scale clean slate who is consistently prepared to learn. They have to watch the first classes of the golf players and along these lines promptly get familiar with the visual data in regards to the equivalent. The following component, which should be dissected by the golf player, incorporates the clarification of golf swings before starting the game (Gredin and Williams 2015). This activity is principally founded on the verbal cooperation in regards to the game with the mentor and the students. In this manner, it very well may be expressed th at the students don't just grow up to be a compelling golf player, yet ought to depend on the intellectual methodology at the crude stage. The psychological stage is mostly described with huge gains as far as conflicting execution and powerful exhibitions. In this stage, the components of direction, video examination, slow movement drills, essential guidelines, expanded input and the relating training procedures are efficiently broke down. As per the Closed Loop hypothesis, it is significant that the student is given the important data, direction, and time to build up sound basics of development. Correspondingly, in Schema Theory, it expresses that, Sometimes making blunders and adopting a constructivist strategy to instructing and learning can be helpful. Affiliated Stage The affiliated phase of engine adapting for the most part envelops the boundaries including substantially less verbal data, cognizant execution, disconnected and unbalanced development, altering making and the significant stretch of time for fruition of the undertaking. At in this way stage, the competitor for the most part tend in building up the development for modifying alongside hanging together so as to create minute development aptitudes. This stage is additionally set apart as the middle of the road engine stage as it is seen as qualified for taking care of issues, which emerges in the related stage (with respect to the exhibition of the ability). In light of the subjective point of view, it tends to be plainly examined that a competitor endeavors in making an interpretation of the revelatory information to procedural information. At the end of the day, it very well may be expressed that the competitor is changed from what to do to how to do (Duivenvoorden, Kok and van Hilvoor de 2014). Another competitor, who is as of late moved starting with one program then onto the next need to dissect cautiously the purpose behind exchange. The degree of execution should be dissected and accordingly the components of any declination ought to be altogether observed by the mentor. In the event that it is understood that the absence of progress is because of the absence of essentials, at that point the mentor need to execute healing courses of work. The factor of engine obtaining, which is in the long run considered as the best methodology should be disclosed altogether so as to extemporize the exhibition that the individual need to change. The changes, which should be actualized, rely upon the components of old propensities and the inventive essentials, which ought to be reconsidered (contingent upon three engine stages, for example the psychological, the cooperative and the self-sufficient) stages (Vine et al. 2013). The relearning convention points in procurement of creative da ta (for example the subjective stage) and afterward following the disappointments identified with the cooperative stage. Getting the competitors for relearning is frequently considered as a difficult factor for the mentors. A portion of the competitors, particularly the fruitful competitors frequently to remark, Hey, I was secondary school state champion doing it along these lines! For what reason would it be advisable for me to change? In addition, the new development feels unbalanced. On such circumstance, it is experiences that a successful mentor answers that, Well, you could have won by much more had you done it the new way! In this way, it is extremely obvious from such normal articulations in the games field that the competitors feel very cumbersome and awkward while taking a stab at something new (Hayman et al. 2013). Additionally, they are likewise found to exceptionally hesitant in proceeding with the compelling change purchased by the mentor into their training framework, which frequently brings about negative results. The verbal data gave in the three phases of the engine learning conventio n gives data with respect to the new advances for enacting or setting up a learning mapping. In addition, it helps in giving the method of reasoning and the viewpoint for driving forward with the change. Self-sufficient Stage As indicated by the idea of Fitts and Posner Paradigm, the Autonomous Stage is considered as the last engine securing stage, which should be dealt with earnestly. It is regularly seen as familiar with long stretches of instructional courses, which will in general show up viably in this stage. This stage is fundamentally saved for the world class competitors which is frequently found mixed with the engine execution, It can be expressed that the engine execution of the competitors turns out to be likely programmed and the psychological preparing requests are seen as exceptionally negligible. The competitors are believed to be equipped for joining in or handling other applicable data with respect to the game. This incorporates the situation of guarded players, inventive techniques for the game or different structures (or style) of development which should be actualized. This is seen as very normal in different games, for example, ice marking, synchronized swimming and the types of movin g (Kmmel, Kramer and Gruber 2014). It is the best stage where the competitor need to react and along these lines think insignificantly with respect to the grasping variables and looking naturally to respond (or enter a condition of stream). It very well may be expected that both these variables of terrible results and great results are successfully related to the self-governing stages. A critical exhibition would require significantly less consideration alongside psychological interest in regards to the commitment of the presentation in the optional assignments. It is regularly noticed that there are a few incapable results with respect to the programmed exhibition of a competitor, which fortifies them to keep up mistaken developments. This is on the grounds that the competitors are acquainted with certain degree of solace alongside fortification, which is chiefly related to programmed exhibitions (Barnett et al. 2015). This is equitably followed in any event, when the methodologies embraced by the individual is flawed or wild. Accordingly, as the engine development can be performed methodicallly and deductively, it doesn't implies that the development is right and adequate. A compelling mentor would not allow the impac t of such engine movement. As the competitors quit contemplating the imaginative development during the affiliated and the subjective stages, at that point it is very normal that the individual would likewise react naturally by returning onto the off base and old development in the presentation collection. The three phases of the engine learning meeting are summed up beneath: Table 1: Summary of Fitts and Posners Three Stages of Motor Learning Stages Procedure Qualities Other Name Subjective Motor Learning Social occasion the data Related to huge increases and conflicting perf

Is411 Study Guide

Study Guide IS 411 Security Policies and Implementation Issues An ideal approach won't forestall all dangers. Key to deciding whether a business will execute any arrangement is cost. Approaches bolster the hazard appraisal to diminish the expense by giving controls and systems to deal with the hazard. A decent arrangement incorporates support for occurrence taking care of. Pg 15 Policy may add intricacy to an occupation however that isn't significant. Unmanageable intricacy alludes to how perplexing and reasonable the undertaking is. The capacity of the association to help the security approaches will be a significant topic.Pg 105 Who should audit changes to a business procedure? Arrangement change control board, negligibly you ought to incorporate individuals from data security, consistence, review, HR, authority from different specialty units, and Project Managers (PMs). Pg 172 â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- Policy †a record t hat states how the association is to perform and lead business capacities and exchanges with an ideal result. Arrangement depends on a business prerequisite, (for example, legitimate or authoritative) â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€ Standard †a built up and demonstrated standard or strategy, which can be a procedural norm or a specialized standard actualized association wide â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- Procedure †a composed articulation portraying the means required to execute a procedure. Systems are specialized advances taken to accomplish strategy objectives (how-to record) â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â₠¬Ã¢â‚¬Ã¢â‚¬Ã¢â‚¬Ã¢â‚¬Ã¢â‚¬- Guideline †a parameter inside which an arrangement, standard, or methodology is proposed however optionalpg 11-13 Resiliency is a term utilized in IT to demonstrate how rapidly the IT framework can recoup. Pg 279. The Recovery Time Objective (RTO) is the estimation of how rapidly singular business procedures can be recuperated. Recuperation Point Objectives (RPOs) is the most extreme worthy degree of information misfortune from the purpose of the catastrophe. The RTO and RPO may not be a similar worth. Pg 287 Policies are the way to repeatable behavior.To accomplish repeatable conduct you simply measure both consistency and quality. Oversight stages to operational consistency: * Monitor * Measure * Review * Track * Improve pg 40 Find approaches to moderate hazard through remuneration. Prize alludes to how the board fortifies the benefit of following arrangements. An association should set up both disciplinary activities for not following arrangements and acknowledgment for sticking to strategies. This could be as straightforward as noticing the degree of consistence to approaches in the employee’s yearly audit. Pg 78 Domain | Key arrangements and controls|User | Acceptable Use Policy (AUP)E-mail policyPrivacy approach †covers physical securitySystem get to strategy †IDs and passwordsAuthorization †Role Base Access Control (RBAC)Authentication †most important| Workstation| Microsoft framework focus setup administrator: * Inventory †tracks LAN associations * Discovery †distinguishes programming and information introduced for consistence * Patch †current patches introduced * Help work area †remote access to analyze, reconfigure, reset IDs * Log †separates logs to focal store * Security †guarantees clients have constrained rights, alarms included oversee accounts| LAN| Hub †interfaces various devicesSwitch †can channel trafficRouter †associates LANs or LAN-WANF irewall †channels traffic all through LAN, generally used to channel traffic from open web WAN to private LANFlat organize †has next to zero control to restrict arrange trafficSegmented †limits what and how PCs can converse with one another by utilizing switches, switches, firewalls, and so forth | LAN-WAN| Generally, switches and firewalls are utilized to associate LAN-WAN. Neutral ground (DMZ) give an open confronting access to the association, for example, open sites. DMZ sits between two layers of firewalls to constrain traffic between LAN WAN| Unsecure open Internet. Virtual Private Network (VPN) secure and private scrambled passage. Firewalls have ability to make and keep up a VPN tunnel.Lower cost, spare time for little to medium organizations with VPN rather than rented line| Remote Access| Enhanced client domainRemote validation †two factor * Something you know (id/secret word) * Something you have (secure token) * Something you are (biometric)VPN custom er speaks with VPN equipment for burrowing, customer to-site VPN:Maintains verification, classification, honesty and nonrepudiation. | System/Application| Application programming is the core of all business applications. Application transmits the exchange to server. Information Loss Protection (DLP) or Data Leakage Protection (DLP) alludes to a program that diminishes the probability of coincidental or malevolent loss of information. DLP includes stock, edge (ensured at endpoints) and encryption of cell phones. Pg 67|Motivation †pride (work is significant), personal circumstance (rehash conduct compensated, most significant pg 326), and achievement (winning, moral, delicate abilities). Pg 91 Executive administration support is basic in defeating preventions. An absence of help makes actualizing security arrangements incomprehensible. Tune in to official needs and address in strategy. Pg 341 Security approaches let your association set standards to lessen hazard to data resource s. Pg 22. Three most normal security controls are: * Physical †forestall access to gadget * Administrative †procedural control, for example, security mindfulness preparing * Technical †programming, for example, antivirus, firewalls, and equipment pg 27Information System Security (ISS) is the demonstration of ensuring data and the frameworks that store and procedure it. Data Assurance (IA) centers around ensuring data during procedure and use. Security principles known as the five mainstays of the IA model: * Confidentiality * Integrity * Availability * Authentication * Nonrepudiation Policy must be unmistakably composed. Indistinct reason alludes to the clearness of significant worth a venture brings. On account of security strategies, it’s critical to exhibit how these arrangements will lessen hazard. It’s similarly imperative to show how the arrangements were determined such that keep the business cost and effect low. Pg 104 â€â€â€â€â€â €â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€ Head of data the executives is the single purpose of contact answerable for information quality inside the undertaking. â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- Data stewards are people answerable for information quality with a specialty unit. â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- Data managers execute arrangements and systems, for example, reinforcement, forming, up/down stacking, and database organization. â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- Data security chairmen award get to rights and evaluate dangers in IA programs. Pg 188 â€â€â€â€â€â€à ¢â‚¬Ã¢â‚¬Ã¢â‚¬Ã¢â‚¬Ã¢â‚¬Ã¢â‚¬Ã¢â‚¬Ã¢â‚¬Ã¢â‚¬Ã¢â‚¬- â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- Information security official distinguishes, creates and executes security arrangements. â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- Data proprietors favors get to rights to data. â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- Data administrator answerable for techniques how information ought to be dealt with and characterized. â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- Data overseer individual liable for everyday upkeep, award get to dependent on information proprietor, reinforcements, and recuperate , keep up server farm and applications. â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€?

Science! at the BAH!Fest

Science! at the BAH!Fest Have you ever heard the joke: What’s green and has wheels? A logical person might stroke his beard and say, “Hm. Well let’s see, that could be one of many things. I’m thinking maybe an alligator with rollerblades? Or maybe a green van? That’s green and has wheels, right?” A practical person, however, would recognize the tell-tale signs of a bad joke and wait for the inevitable punch line. In which case I’d happily comply and say, “Grass. I lied about the wheels. Ha!” It’s the epitome of the anti-joke: unexpected and irrational enough to elicit the obligatory chuckle of awkwardness, but still, to everyone’s chagrin, logically sound in a roundabout kind of way. The Festival of Bad Ad Hoc Hypotheses (or BAH!Fest for short) that was held Sunday night in Kresge auditorium was essentially one enormous anti-joke. The premise? Have seven educated individuals present seven well-argued, but astronomically absurd evolutionary theories in front of a panel of distinguished judges. To the victor go the spoils. And by spoils, they mean a 3-D printed rendering of Charles Darwin looking doubtful and saying, “I guess so?” I had seen fliers for the event plastered all over campus, the colorful paper and clever acronym drawing me in. As an added bonus, I found out that the event would be put on by the writer of the Saturday Morning Breakfast Cereal web comic, Zach Weinersmith. How could I resist the intersection of my two loves, biology and comically improbable possibilities? Can I just take a moment here to marvel at the beauty of the message boards on campus? Honestly. There’s just something magical about the intense disarray of clashing colors and screaming words that fascinates me. Every day, there are new events, new club meetings, and new advertisements to peruse. Most people just stream by, either chatting with friends or staring at their feet, absorbed in their own thoughts. But the message boards are home to a wealth of information, so take advantage of them. If you ever see a girl standing in front of a message board for an irrationally long time, it’s probably me. Bask in the entropy of informational dissemination Anyway. Thankfully, my roommate and I had pre-ordered tickets online; the event sold out. We entered Kresge without any expectations and boy, were those expectations exceeded. Zach Weinersmith and the host Ben Lillie were wizards. Real life wizards, minus the flowing beards and silly robes. But probably a lot funnier than most wizards. So actually, scratch that, they weren’t wizards at all. Just really funny guys. They warded off the 25 minute technical difficulty with ease, introducing the premise of the event once again and warming up the audience with a semi-enthusiastic “MIT greater than Caltech!” courtesy of an online bet and a sold out show. The crowd laughed and clapped like it was adaptively beneficial to be the loudest ones there. Here’s a picture of Zach Weinersmith presenting the very hypothesis that started it all. (Sorry for the forest of heads and poor quality. I was trying to be sneaky with my photography) Yes. You read that correctly: Infantapulting â€" (verb) the act of catapulting an infant from village to village in order to increase the diversity of its gene pool. I won’t go into the details of his hypothesis, but I will say that they involved baby aerodynamics, laminar flow, and our attraction to people with smooth skin. Every presenter wielded graphs, citations, and visual aids with aplomb in their attempts to woo the judges. My personal favorite was a hypothesis that claimed, rather successfully if you ask me, that animals evolved to taste like chicken in order to trick humans into domesticating and breeding them. They covered all their bases and even included reasons for why frogs taste like chicken, but polar bears do not. (Hint: Polar bears eat people. People do not eat polar bears.) I wish I could write down every logical conclusion and hilarious joke from the BAH!Fest, but really, my reconstructions would be nothing compared to the experience of sitting in a room filled with scientists and fellow geeky brethren while being bombarded with pseudo-science. You’ll just have to go yourself one day and tell me all about it. Ultimately, after the judges’ deliberation and a decibel measurement of the crowd’s enthusiasm, 3-D doubtful Darwin left Kresge in the arms of the presenter who had explored the evolutionary advantages of a screaming baby. It was all very deep stuff. I didn’t leave empty handed either though. My roommate and I, due to a little something called sneaking-out-before-the-event-is-technically-over, ended up first in line to get our posters signed! With our loot tucked safely under our arms, we scampered back to Maseeh and the more rationally sound world of vectors, DNA translation, and the ideal gas law. I’m staring at the signed poster on my wall right now and it looks pretty lonely. I know there will be many more fun-filled events in my future and, maybe someday, my wall will look just as awesome as the colorful message boards of MIT. Post Tagged #BAHFest

Theme Of Parenting In To Kill A Mockingbird - 746 Words

Parenting, lauded as one of the most difficult jobs in the world, means constantly being under the scrutiny of others, including your children’s friends. This is no different for the parenting styles of Atticus Finch, Bob Ewell, and Walter Cunningham, three parents from Harper Lee’s critically acclaimed novel To Kill A Mockingbird. Three different parentings styles led to three different types of children: the curious minded, the rascals, and the respectable, showing that how a parent treats their child and others in their lives does matter. With the help of their family cook and governess, Calpurnia, and later their Aunt Alexandra, Atticus raises his two children as reading, knowledge seeking, fact checking children who discover†¦show more content†¦The main Ewell child of the novel, she is beaten by her father when it is discovered that she tried to seduce a black man (Lee 203). Later, continuing to set a horrible example for his children, Bob Ewell goes out to attack Jem and Scout in an attempt to end their short lives (Lee 263). Suffice to say, Ewell continues to set horrible example after horrible example for his children on how to lead their lives, beating them in the process. It is no wonder that they ended up â€Å"mean ones† and liars, after all. Between Ewell’s country roots and horrible examples, and Atticus’ respectful attitude towards life is Walter Cunningham, a man that won’t take anything he cannot pay back (Lee 21). Even though he doesn’t have money, he makes sure that his children survive well enough and that they are respectful and honorable. Cunningham wants his children to grow up to be gentlewomen and ladies, as evidenced by his example of paying Atticus back for his services via food and goods deliveries over the course of a year (Lee 20). He shows his children what it means to be kind, good people, and he expects them to act this way. From what little we see of the Cunninghams in the novel, they do. Walter Cunningham, although he had similar roots as Bob Ewell, is much more like Atticus Finch than the man people expect him to be, namely Bob Ewell. Parenting styles impact aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Two Birds One Stone By Harper Lee900 Words   |  4 Pages9 March 2016 Two Birds One Stone â€Å"You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view – until you climb inside of his skin and walk around in it† (Lee 30). To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee is a very vigorous story about the racial discrimination that was uncontrollable in 1930’s Alabama. The small town of Maycomb is segregated into two categories: white and black. They each have their own separate neighborhoods and churches. Rarely is such racism binded withRead MoreAtticus: A Symbol of Justice and Equality Essay536 Words   |  3 PagesI’m the same in the house as outside of the house. 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How Financial Statement Helps User Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3945 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Your college-mate, Adam, who studies in an Engineering faculty thinks that preparing the financial statement annually is a waste of time. As an Accounting student, you do not agree with Adams opinion. Explain to Adam the purpose of preparing a financial statement. Definition of Financial Statement Nowadays, there are a lot of demands that will be made for its financial statements throughout the existence of a business. Profitability, financial health, as well as success of a particular organization conclude the main key of information of a financial statement. The financial numbers in a financial statement also supply a measure of the failure or achievement of its business strategies as well of its current management. There are four main factors of financial statement which are balance sheets, income statements, cash flow statements and retained earnings. Each of these statements is a part of the structure for the financial statements. Generally Accepted Accounting Practices or also can be known as GAAP is the structure of it. When it comes down to a company financial stability, each of a financial statement has a purpose and reason as well as to provide detailed information. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Financial Statement Helps User Finance Essay" essay for you Create order In another way, financial statements are also some sorts of like a crucial reports. For a companys stockholders, board of directors, its managers and to the employees which also includes labor union, the statement shows them how a business is doing are a somehow very beneficially internally. They are also crucial to government agencies which are responsible for regulating and taxing, to stockbrokers and investment analysts, to lenders such as credit rating agencies and bank and not forgotten towards prospective investors externally. A lot of strategic thinking goes into the way businesses present their performance date given the competing demands for attention. Whole collecting financial worksheets for another group and comprehensive reports, they may have to prepare concise, straightforward data summaries for one group of investors. Tracking various factors such a liquidity and solvency are the main purpose for investors using financial statement. PURPOSE OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT The main use of a financial statement is to make sure a business establish the results of its operations over a certain period of time as well as to verify its worth at a specific date. Business people always prepared financial statement to help them in evaluating their financial health. In the other hand, it is also crucial to supply specific financial statement upon the demand of a supplier or even banker. When a business is involved, tax returns require a financial statement. In-house monthly financial statement can be in any form that is acceptable or easy to the management. However, they need to be in a standard format and the need to follow a certain rules of preparation when the financial statement provided to outside parties. A basic set of financial statement will also include of an Income Statement which generates the profit or loss over a period of time, a balance sheet which conclusion of the Assets, Liabilities and Equity of the business at a specific date. Occasionally, a Cash Flows Statements may also be generated, which concludes the disbursements and receipts of cash during the period of time. For management and owners, its a useful tool for them in order to supervise where the cash is really going. By providing relevant and trusted financial information, the important objective of every financial statement is of assistance to the intended users in their economic decision making process. General Purpose Financial StatementsÂÂ  are prepared for general users keeping general needs in mind but not able to supply all such information that users may want. Special Purpose Financial Statements are prepared keeping the information needs of some users and also may supply such additional data which normally general purpose financial statements may not contain. The special purpose financial statements tends to highlight a certain area as well as to supply information in that regards. It may be or may not be prepared under the same accounting structure which is used to prepare general purpose financial statement. Financial statements prepared for bank to request for a loan is one of the good examples. There are three aspects that the general Purpose Financial Statements provide information which are: 1) Changes in Financial Position Can be explained of how business activities had affected the investors stake in the entity. Users need this information to evaluate whether the entity has made satisfactory contribution towards their investment or not. Users are also eager to know how much cash and cash equivalents have been generated and where they have been use. Like for example, the cash flow. This information is obtainable in the form of statement of cash flow and statement of changes in equity. All of these statements should not be observed in isolation as they are linked together and in order to get the full impression of the business, people must look at them as a whole as well as in totality instead of considering them differently even through each of these statement serves a particular objective. 2) Financial Performance Is the entity which relates to the entitys skill to use the economic resources that are available in a profitable manner as well as how good entity managed to general considerable cash flows by using this resources. Statement of comprehensive Income is used for this information presented. 3) Financial Position Is the entity which can be explained by the position of the business liabilities and assets as well as how entity uses the resources at its disposal in order to survive the changing business solvency and requirements. Statement of Financial Position which also recognized as Balance Sheet is used for this information presented. TYPES OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT There are four different kind of financial statements. These statements are compulsory to be audited by the authentic, reliable and trusted, efficient audit firms in order to avoid exploitation of numbers. After a thorough study of an organization records, then the accounting firms only audited the statement. The four important types of financial statement as shown as below: 1) BALANCE SHEET Balance Sheet, is one of the four basic financial statement required by IFRS and GAAP. The purpose of this balance sheet statement can be explained as a better picture of a certain organization financial position. The balance sheet is the one and only statement that applies to a single point in time out of the other three statements. Usually, a normal balance sheet contained three parts such as assets, liabilities as well as shareholders equity. The asset subcategories are normally written down first and naturally listed in the order of liquidity. Assets are then followed by the liabilities. Shareholders equity or as the new assets/net worth of an organization are the main difference in between the assets and the liabilities. Assets are equal to the sum of liabilities and shareholders equity. A good example of items recorders as assets can also include plants and equipment, property and account receivable and for the example of liabilities includes long term bonds and account payable. Balance Sheet came from the fact that the total assets must always be in balance with the sum of liabilities and shareholders equity. An organization will have to finance its assets by either borrowing money from other sources in the form of liabilities or collecting the money from shareholders. The main formula for balance sheet is: Assets = 2) INCOME STATEMENT On a business cash generating ability, the income statement is a very straightforward and simple report. Its provides crucial information on the financial performance of the business that shows when expenses are incurred and when sales are made. Capital, revenue, cost of goods and expenses are example of information withdraw from the numerous financial models. The income statement is able to let an organization know how much their organization making, which can be either in profit or even loss during the year by subtracting the cost of goods and expenses from revenue to arrive at net results by combining these elements. Due to the income statement do not show when the expenses are paid or when revenue is collected, therefore it differs from a cash flow statement. In the other hand, it shows the predictable profitability of the business over a certain period of time covered by the plan. The income statement must be produced on a monthly basis during the first year, followed by quarterly for the year two and annually for the third year for a business plan. In the following manner, below is the financial projection in Income Statement: 1) Income ÂÂ  Includes all the income made by the business of an organization. 2) Cost Of Goods Include all the costs that are linked to the sale of products in the inventory. 3) Gross Profit Margin Its the difference in between revenue and cost of goods. It can be uttered as a percentage or in dollars or potentially even both. As a percentage, the margin of Gross Profit is constantly affirmed as a percentage of revenue. 4) Operating Expenses Includes labor spending and all overhead related with the operations of the business. 5) Total Expenses Sum of operating expenses and cost of goods. 6) Net Profit The difference between gross profit margin and total expenses. The net income depicts the business debt and capital capabilities. 7) Depreciation Show the downfall in value of capital assets that are used to produce profits. Its also used as an pointer of the stream of money into new capital and the basis for a tax deduction. 8) Earnings before interest and taxes Includes the capacity of a business to repay its obligations. 9) Interest Includes all interest payable for debts, both long-term and short-term. 10) Taxes Includes all taxes on the business. 11) Net Profit After Taxes Show the companys real bottom line. The basic equation on which an income statement is based is: Net Income = 3) CASH FLOW STATEMENT Cash flow statement is basically a report that reflects of the sources of organization cash and how the cash was used over a certain period of time. However, it doesnt include the non- cash items such as depreciation. To determine the short-term viability of an organization when it comes to paying the bills, this method is very useful. A lot of analysts propose that an entrepreneur study a cash flow statement at least every quarter of the year because the management of cash flow is very important towards the small businesses and for business as well. The income statement that was mentioned earlier is the same with the cash flow statement because it records down an organization performance over a certain period of time. The cash flow statement shows the exact amount of money that an organization produce while the income statement also takes into account of some non-cash accounting items such as depreciation. Therefore, thats the main difference between those two statements. Cash flow statement also show how an organization have performed in handling the inflows and outflows of their cash while also come in handy, which give a bigger and better view of an organization ability to pay their creditors as well as their financial growth. According to the accounting standards, it is not wrong for an organization that is shown to be profitable to go under if there isnt sufficient cash on hand to pay their utilities. Operating cash flow ratio, which can be explained of comparing the amount of cash generated to outstanding debt, prove the company skill to service their interest payment and loans. If a slight drop in an organization quarter cash flow would destroy their skill to make a loan payment that the organization is in a very danger position that one with less net income but a stronger cash flow level. There is not much an organization could do in order to manipulate its cash situation unlike the numerous ways in which reported earning can be offered. The cash flow statement will always be accurate whether the organization has cash or not. In order to recognize an organization overall health, an analysts will observe closely at the cash flow statement of any organization. 4) RETAINED EARNINGS The portion of net profit or net income which are abstract from the income statement that never been paid out as dividends are called retailed earnings. Therefore, these earnings are then used for some purpose or reinvested in an organization. It can be also used to further develop the organization through some investment for example like paying off debt, investment in development or even research and so on. Retained earnings are cumulative. They symbolize the past and present earnings of an organization that have been reinvested in the company. Under the Shareholders Equity section of the balance sheet, the retained earning account show the retained earnings since the establishment of the organization. It is also cumulative revenues from undistributed profits. Most of these analyses engage comparing retained earnings per share to profit per share over a certain period of time. They also sometimes evaluate the amount of capital retained to the change in share price during that same period of time. The return management generated on the profits it plowed back into the business are the methods that use to measure. A method that accounts for taxes is also used in this vein in the look through earnings. Developed industries often retain a large sum of their earnings than other industries because they need more asset investment to function or even operate. Older organization may report drastically higher retained earnings than those newer organization in the same industries because retained earnings symbolize the sum of profits lesser dividends since their establishment. This is the main reason of why the comparison of retained earnings is very hard but usually the most meaningful among other organization of the same time of establishment while the meaning of low and high retained earnings should be made within this circumstance. Just take an example of when Ali Maju Sdn Bhd, retained 72 percent of its net income for its retained earnings account and eventually gave out 50 percent of its net income as dividends to its shareholders. QUESTION 1B Your college-mate, Adam, who studies in an Engineering faculty thinks that preparing the financial statement annually is a waste of time. As an Accounting student, you do not agree with Adams opinion. Explain to Adam how the financial statement could help the user of the financial statement in their decision-making. Financial statements of a company or individual are the documents that reflect the historic financial information of the entity. This includes a detailed and accurate record of the assets and liabilities as well as the income and expenses and also the cash flow of the entity. These documents are written records that quantitatively explain the health of unit represent in the statements. Financial statement are decision-making tools because it helps use to see a better and clearer idea of how an organization financial position. Financial Statements also show business trends, the rate at which you are paying creditors and any cash flow problems and also the rate at which you are collecting receivables. Take an example of accounts reports show whose is paying on time or can even be 30 days late, 60 days late or up to 3 months late. By using this financial statement, we can determine which customers or supplier that is in a good standing or that are in need of collection efforts or have uncollectible open invoices. Lets just assume that an invoice has not been paid within the period of six months, after collection efforts, this is probably an uncollectible debt. Accounts payables reports let you know what is owed to whom and when. We are also able to generate the reports to further let us know the value of the inventory and what our inventory levels are. Not only that. We can produce a report to answer any question that we have about our business cooperation related to what we owe, what we own as well as how much money that our company makes, in a period of time which can be monthly, or yearly. These are basically the questions that we need to answer as we make strategic decision on how to make our business to be successful without losing any money in the near future. Businesses often need credit as a part of their strategy to remain financially viable. Then of course, businesses apply for credit cards and credit terms with a vendor as well as applying for business loan. The lender will always request to take a look of our balance sheet and run over our credit report to therefore make decision on whether to loan us the credit or rejects in all situation. A balance sheet will also show a creditor of how much debt we are carrying and how much money is flowing in and out of the business. In addition to that, the financial statement that we handed over to an internal account payable report will helps us to pay our bill and utilities on time while keeping our organizations credit score high. This is very important and crucial step because it will enable our firm to remain a good credit risk. In addition to that, we need financial statement to calculate our quarterly state as well as federal tax obligation which include sales and annual taxes. A sales report that separates taxable sales from nontaxable sales will give us the information that we need to pay the state the sales taxes that we collected from our customers. Federal tax obligation also include payroll related taxes and annual taxes. A payroll liability report is not only to the federal government but also for benefits but also outline all our payroll-related obligations; we must be able to give documentation of the information reported in our tax fillings if we are ever audited. Beginning with the primary financial statements and any additional statements auditors request, acceptable documentation is financial statements. We also must be able to back up thee statements with hard records such as pay stubs and receipts. In order to prepare both state and federal annual taxes, we have to start with the primary financial statement. We also may need to find out that we need to run additional reports to produce the specific information that we need to fill out our tax forms. Untitled.png Figure 1- ACCOUNTING PROCESS First of all, to financial accounting whose final products are financial statements. However from the users aspects and from the aspects of the scope of business, we distinguish the following types of accounting: financial accounting, cost accounting and managerial accounting. We usually say that cost and managerial accounting ensure different information for internal users and financial accounting ensures synthetically and quality information needed for preparing the financial statements for external users. Nevertheless, in the context of measuring the entire business quality, financial accounting is also directed towards internal users. chart.pngFigure 2- FINANCIAL STATEMENT The most important financial statements that we must consider when examining the entire business quality and making decision for the future are: 1) Balance Sheets 2) Income Statements 3) Cash Flow Statements 4) Retailed Earnings/ Changes In Owners THE BASIS OF DECISION MAKING We need to analyze the financial statement in order to improve the usage of financial information in the context of the decision making process, In that context, we only can describe financial statement analysis as the process where we convert data from financial statements into usable information for business quality measurement by different analytical techniques which is very important in the process of rational management. Since we try to ensure companys development and existence on the market, it is very significant in the context of future business management to know the current level of business quality. Financial statement analysis comes before the management process that is before the process of planning which is the component of the management process. Planning is very important for good management. Good financial plan has to consider all companys strength and weaknesses. The task of financial statement analysis is to recognize good characteristics of the company so that we could use the most of those advantages, but also to recognize companys weaknesses in order to take corrective actions. We can say that management of the company is the most significant user of financial statement analysis. In the process of financial statements analysis, it is possible to use the whole range of different instruments and procedures. First of all, it considers comparative financial statements and the horizontal analysis procedure together with structural financial statements and the vertical analysis procedure. By horizontal analysis which is based on the comparative financial statements we try to examine the tendency and dynamics of changes of particular basic financial statements positions. We estimate business efficiency and security of the company on the basis of observed changes. On the other hand, structural financial statements are the base for vertical analysis which allows insight into financial statement structure. Financial statements structure is very significant in the context of business quality. By financial statement analysis we get acquainted with the business quality, but the questions of the analysis are not solved by horizontal and vertical analysis procedures of balance sheet, profit and loss account and cash flow statement. In the context of measuring business quality on the basis of financial statements, the most significant are different financial ratios formed from basic financial statements Financial Statements supply helpful information to a variety of users: 1) Prospective Investors In the need of Financial Statement to have the review of capability of investing into an organization. Based on the statement, they also could have an idea of what the future dividends will be based on the earnings disclosed. Risks related with the investment may be gauged from the statement like for example, fluctuating profit indicate higher risk. 2) Financial Institutions ( Bank) They need Financial Statement to make decisions on whether to approve credit to a business or to give green light to a loan. They also need to review the financial state of an organization to decide of the chances of a bad loan. Their decision to lend must be heavily based with a enough asset base and liquidity. 3) Governments In the need of Financial Statement to decide the effectiveness of the tax announced in the tax returns. They will also need to have an eye of the economic development through analysis of Financial of businesses from numerous sectors of the economy. 4) Customers Use Financial Statements to assess whether a supplier has the resources to ensure the steady supply of goods in the future. This is especially vital where a customer is dependant on a supplier for a specialized component. 5) Suppliers Need Financial Statements to assess the credit worthiness of a business and ascertain whether to supply goods on credit. Suppliers need to know if they will be repaid. Terms of credit are set according to the assessment of their customers financial health. 6) Competitors Need Financial Statement in order to evaluate of their performance towards with their enemy organization as well as to learn and create strategic to advance their competiveness. 7) ManagersÂÂ   Need Financial Statement to handle the affairs of the organization by taking crucial business decision making and monitoring the financial performance and positions. 8) Employees In the need the use of Financial Statement in order to evaluate the organization profitability and its effects on job security and also their future remuneration 9) Shareholders Need Financial Statement to review the dangers, return as well as risk towards their investment in the organization. Also decide whether to or not to invest in the company based on the analysis. 10) General Public Like to know more about the property of an organization on the economy, surroundings as well as the local community.

Skype Improvement Free Essays

In todays devices and services world more and more people choose to use Skype from devices like smartphones and tablet PCs hat rely on battery power, that on average have less processing power than modern desktop computers, and that are not physically or permanently connected to the Internet. This shift in the way people use Skype has required to enhance Skype’s P2P connectivity as well as conserving battery and processing power, while delivering even more of the functionality and reliability that our users expect. Skype clients will continue to evaluate bandwidth, connectivity and firewall settings to select the most appropriate path for the call and continue to connect devices for P2P calls across the Internet so that users get audio and video connections that ‘Just work. We will write a custom essay sample on Skype Improvement or any similar topic only for you Order Now As Skype continue on this Journey, these new technologies are helping to drive improved battery life and improved connections making Skype as a whole more resilient and providing a platform for exciting new features. Introducing new features Skype have to introduce exciting new features such as video messaging which lets you catch up whenever or wherever the users are, connecting the users with the special people in their life even when their schedules conflict. Skype should invest in ringing new Skype scenarios online, putting the people who matter most to the users Just a click away. For example, in Outlook. com the users are enabled to connect through Skype without leaving your browser. Improving registration and account security Skype should improve their sign-up, sign-in, and security features. Great new features such as two step verification, will bring additional security to the users. As Skype continue to their new secured communication platforms, such as Xbox, Microsoft account will mean that the users have Just one account to remember and an unlock communications with a growing community of over 700 million Microsoft account users worldwide. Improving Skype chats Skype users send billions of chat messages every month, and enhancing the performance and quality of this core messaging experience is one of the key improvements the Skype should highlight. The Skype cloud should add the ability to queue and deliver chat messages even if the intended recipient is offline – so you can be ‘always reachable’ to the people who matter most. Skype also should broaden How to cite Skype Improvement, Papers

The Effects Of The Titanic Essay Research free essay sample

The Effects Of The Titanic Essay, Research Paper One of the most advertised events of the 1910 # 8217 ; s was the alleged Unsinkable Titanic and it # 8217 ; s controversial sinking on April 14, 1912. When intelligence of this British made luxury line drive, weighing 46,000 gross dozenss reached American shores the imperativeness went wild. The thought of an unsinkable ship was perplexing. Then when the ship sank on her inaugural ocean trip the imperativeness had a 2nd hay-day. The sinking of the Titanic was a national event. It effected the 1910 # 8217 ; s in several ways, 2 illustrations of this would be the decease of American societal icons, and the reforms made to transport engineering and travel codifications. ( MSN Learning ) The decease of two admired Americans affected the 1910 # 8217 ; s by turning the sinking of the Titanic into a national matter. Mr. Isidor Straus, one of the American millionaires killed on the titanic, operated a company that engaged in encirclement running for the Confederate provinces during the American Civil War. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects Of The Titanic Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After the war he moved to New York and obtained R.H. Macy A ; Co. He besides severed as Congressman for New York Tate in 1895. Mr. Straus was a societal icon in America. His decease saddened citizens across America. ( Straus Encyclopedia Titantica ) Besides societal icon Colonel John Jacob Astor IV was killed in the shipwreck. He wrote the novel A Journey in Other Worlds. He invented mechanical devices like the bike brake, turbine engine, and a pneumatic road-improver. Astor besides built the Astoria Hotel. Under the staff of General Levi P. Morton he became Colon EL during the Spanish-American War. Mr. Astor contributed immensely to America’s development. The state was profoundly moved by his decease. The decennary of 1910 was effected by the loss of these and other societal icons. ( Astor Encyclopedia Titantica ) The sinking of the Titanic straight contributed to the 1910s # 8217 ; and subsequent old ages through reforms in ship policies and travel codifications. When research workers of the shipwreck found that there were merely adequate lifeboats for about half of the riders aboard many reforms were issued. Such as the care of a full-time wireless ticker on each ship while at sea, and in international ice patrol. The reforms made travel on big sea vass much safer in the old ages following the accident. ( Titanic Catastrophe ) A major national event, the sinking of the Titanic, affected the 1910 # 8217 ; s in many ways. Two of these ways are, the deceases of American icons, and the reforms on ship engineering and travel codifications. Bibliography # 8220 ; Colonel John Jacob Astor IV # 8221 ; . Encyclopedia Titanica. 27 March. 2001. # 8220 ; Isidor Straus # 8221 ; . Encyclopedia Titanica. 27 March. 2001 . # 8220 ; Titanic Disaster. # 8221 ; MSN Learning and Research. 27 March. 2001. # 8220 ; Colonel John Jacob Astor IV # 8221 ; . Encyclopedia Titanica. 27 March. 2001. # 8220 ; Isidor Straus # 8221 ; . Encyclopedia Titanica. 27 March. 2001 . # 8220 ; Titanic Disaster. # 8221 ; MSN Learning and Research. 27 March. 2001.

The Medical Imaging Market

The Free Will Controversy Essays - Desiderius Erasmus, Free Essays

The Free Will Controversy Essays - Desiderius Erasmus, Free Essays The Free Will Controversy The Free Will Controversy Between the years of 1524 and 1527, Erasmus Desiderius and Martin Luther were tangled up in an interesting controversy (Bainton 187). This controversy surprisingly did not involve the authority of the pope, the nature of the church, indulgences, or any of the other practices that each man equally detested. It involved the philosophical topic regarding the question of free or enslaved will (Faulkner 171). Preserved Smith defines free will as the power to apply ones self to the things that make for salvation (348). This controversy was bound to happen for a number of reasons. First of all, Luther was becoming violent in his words and actions in general. Secondly, Luther made himself a target by his assertion in the Heidelberg Disputation of 1518. Luther's exact words were, Free will, after the fall, even when doing the best it can, commits a mortal sin. These two factors led Erasmus to speak out against Luther in De Libero Artitrio (On Free Will). Luther eventually answered back furiously in De Servo Arbitrio (On Enslaved Will) (Bainton 186-7). This was a superior work which explains to historians why Luther prevails in the end (Zweig 139). Erasmus was one of the most intelligent people of his century. Today however, he remains in the minds of most people as nothing more than another name (Zweig 3). In his time, he was the leader of all scholars in Europe from Germany to Italy and Spain and from England to Hungary as well. He stands above the other humanists and forerunners of the reformation (Schaff 402). His great mission was to bring back the spirit of classical and Christian Antiquity (Smith 33-4). Preserved Smith describes the first part of his life, specifically until 1524, as being progressive and reformatory; the second, until his death in 1536, he says was, conservative and reactionary (402). He is described as being somewhat of a nomad, never staying in the same place for more than eight years (48). Compared to his contemporaries, Erasmus did more than his share in preparing the church for the reformation (Schaff 402). Historians refer to Erasmus as the, illegitimate son of a Dutch priest named Gerard, and Margaret (Schaff 404). He was born in Rotterdam on October 27, in the 1466 or 1467 (Faulkner 30). He received his early education at Utrecht and then at Deventer where he began to impress people with his talents. Within him was a love was a passion for books and at the age of just 12, he knew Horace and Terence by memory (Schaff 404). When his father died, he was taken care of by three guardians. Their goal was to have him become a priest which gave them the power to rob him of his inheritance. They placed him in the house of the Brethren of the Common Life at Hertogenbusch. While there, Erasmus calls their houses as, seminaries of monasticism, and refers to their teachers as a, destruction to good intellect. They did not come close to destroying Erasmus's intellect. A few years later, his guardians convinced him to enter a monastery. He entered the Augustinian monastery against his will where he would spend five extremely unhappy years (Faulkner 323). After this, Erasmus went on to achieve his fame in doing the things he always wanted to do (Schaff 407-9). Despite the fact that Erasmus and Luther had many difference, there were ways in which they were similar. Both of them advocated a return to antiquity and an excitement for the golden age of Christianity and pagan Rome. They both had an interest in revolts against the mediaeval scholasticism. Another similarity lies in their child-hoods. They were both born into an era of individualism. Also, they grew up in cities that had recently developed in the same bourgeois class (Smith 321). Many differences between these two men led to their quarrel. Some of these differences were physical. Luther was the son of a minor. This along with his inborn energies made him the rougher of the two. Luther is quoted as saying, I gorge like a Bohemian and gulp down my liquor like a German (Zweig 132). Luther also spoke in a powerful German voice that was

Chinas Inflation and related factors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Chinas Inflation and related factors - Essay Example Moreover, it focuses on the measures utilized by the Federal Reserve to tackle inflation. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of price stability within the Chinese economy with specific concern to the fluctuating CPI (Consumer price index). The article talks about persistent inflation in China. The models and theories used in this article are: 1. Demand-Pull Inflation 2. Price Level connection with Real GDP 3. Business Cycle 4. Monetary Policy 5. Price stability 6. Consumer Price Index Points Highlighted from the Newspaper Article but inflation accelerated to a nearly three-year high in March, (GDP figure is better than expected) GDP figure is better than expected tightening monetary policy, consumer price index rose 5.4 per cent from a year China's producer price index, CPI fell 0.2 per cent China's anti-inflation policies were effective. necessary to maintain price stability inflation almost always falls in the month after the Lunar What is Inflation and Why Inflation increa sed in China? What Does Inflation Mean? The rate at general level of prices of items and services rises. The subsequent fall in purchasing power is also result in inflation. Central banks try to stop the severe inflation, along with the severe deflation, in order to keep the excessive raising of prices to minimum. Economists distinguish between the two types of inflation: Demand-Pull Inflation and Cost-Push Inflation. (Defining Inflation )Both types of inflation may cause an increase in the economical price level within the economy. Demand-pull inflation may result when aggregate demand for goods and services in the economy rise at a rapid space than an economy's productive capacity. This is shown in the figure below The excess demand is the reason for consistent inflation in the economy. Moreover, experts also attribute China inescapable inflationary spiral to US dollar pegging as long as China Yuan keeps pegged to the U.S. dollar, it will rise. This is because the American economy is weakening where as the China economy is strengthening (What is the real reason behind Chinese inflation, 2011) China therefore needs to control Yuan appreciation (China Inflation cause concern in Business News , 2011) During the peak periods of business cycle when China’s economy is experiencing growth in real GDP, employment will naturally increase, and unemployment decrease would decrease, this is because the businesses would seek workers to produce a higher output to fulfill demand needs. If the real GDP grows better this can cause price inflation as firms would be forced to fight against one another for generally increasing scarce workers. This is in contrast during the trough periods of the business cycle where the economy is experiencing declines in the real GDP, and unemployment rates becomes high. GDP = (Total dollar value of goods and services that are changing hands) MINUS (Inflation) GDP can grow, even when there is inflation GDP is: Yes, GDP (Gross Domestic Pr oduct) can even grow, when there is inflation. But for such to happen (theoretically) more goods and services would actually need to be exchanged, rather than having the same prices for the same amount of goods and services. One of the reasons that the China’s Economy is able to claim that GDP ( Gross Domestic Pro

Inventory Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Inventory Paper - Essay Example The modern context, nonetheless, opposes the form of influence that entails coercion. Instead, effective leaders seek to build relationships with their followers. In fact, just like Blake with his TOMS idea for providing shoes to the children in Argentina, modern day leaders need to put the interest of their followers before theirs. They then forge a win-win situation for both parties. Despite all leadership not being equal, such successful leaders exude unique leadership styles that identify them and seek to lead by example, having developed their inner selves first before instilling the same in their followers. This activity has been useful in appreciating my leadership style. I am democratic and would always seek to have the will of the people prevail. Perhaps, this style is supported by the activity’s acknowledgement of the need for selflessness for success as a leader. In most cases, I seek to lead by example, always doing what I would expect my followers to do. This has made me to cause people to take up tasks they never imagined they would undertake. I am not coercive. This could be a failure on my part because as learnt from the activity, some coercion could help a leader realize the set objectives. However, care should be taken to ensure that a balance between coercion and free will by followers is reached. By being democratic, I have had the undesirable will of the people carry the day. There was this one day when I was charged with the finances for our sports cheering team that accompanied players to a tournament. I proposed that we share the allowances at the end of the tournament. The cheerers wanted it before and I did as they wished. By the time the games started, they had spent all the money and some were even hungry already. They failed to cheer our team well, perhaps the reason we were beaten. Thus, I do not support the postulate from this activity that a successful leader should be defined by a specific style. Instead, a leader should

Using a Code of Ethics to Inform Decision Making

Using a Code of Ethics to Inform Decision Making Considering a Social Dilemma in Practice: Using a Code of Ethics to Inform Decision Making Contents (Jump to) 1. Introduction 2. Analysis 3. Reducing Defection 4. Conclusion 5. References Abstract Social dilemmas have the potential to define an entire population, leading to the need to assess and understand the implications associated with trends. In general, there are several different types of social dilemma, which has different impacts on the society. In other words, each of them involves different kinds of cooperation for instance drugs, crime, one-time investment, prolonged investment, natural disasters etc.) This study or essay uses the social trap of carbon fuel pollution to illustrate the manner and means of defection and cooperation that are possible in order to create progress. At the end of this research study, it will be of a great significant to any person researching social science and the need to build on a fundamental level. 1. Introduction Found in every society, culture and region, the common definition for a social dilemmais held to be an instance where there is the potential for individual gain at the cost of the larger group (Baqlliet et al., 2013). In another definition according to Komorita and Parks 1995 is that social dilemma refers to a situation whereby there is a conflicts between individuals and collective interest. In a very real sense, this environment is created in order for an individual to profit from selfishness; however, if everyone chooses this alternative, the entire group stands to lose, indicating a win or nothing social condition. According to McCarter et al. (2011) who argue that issues begin to arise as too many of the target population choose the negative option preferring the sense of immediate satisfaction over the group’s long-term interests. This outlines a sense of non-committal on the part of the population, speaking to the tendency to put off social experiences and dilemmas that often take various forms across a wide variety for fields and disciplines. With illustrations of social issues including climate change, environmental hazards, high crime rate, drugs, hate crimes and air pollution as well as human overpopulation, there is a fundamental platform that must be achieved in order to effectively identify and correct errant or negative trends. This research study addresses the question of the social dilemma of fossil fuel consumption. By definition, a fossil fuel is simply a hydro carbon deposit that is obtained from remains of accumulated plants. For example natural gas, petrol and coal. Argued to be a commonly experienced social trap found in the use of carbon fuels in the environment day-to-day social operations (Chen et al., 2012). A social trap is created when there is a drive to experience and create immediate rewards as opposed to waiting to offset the potential negative, leaving much of the defining nature of the experience to the individual. Carbon pollution and the burning of fossil fuels creates the social dilemma by creating and fundamentally building a infrastructure around behavior patterns that have produced significant rewards around the societies in the short term, or current and past generations, but clearly hold a diminishing return when considered in context with the future and larger environmental picture (Khachatryan et al, 2013). The elements of a condition that create social traps are identified as reinforces that tend to build a stronger pattern of behavior in small cases yet, serves to punish larger instances. In this case defection is defined as the unbridled consumption of fossil fuels, with the cooperative social position being defined as an ongoing effort to reduce that very same use of carbon fuel. In a short term capacity, carbon fuels and combustion engines have transformed technology and the way of life for an entire civilization, yet, the use of the technology without restraint has enabled negativeconsequences to arise. However, the society are more concerned in the short time benefit and profit of carbon fuels which serves to encourage the use of the carbon fuels, yet the long term price in terms of negative environment impact, global warming, air quality deterioration, acid rain and loss of wildlife and natural resources becomes consequential. Research studies prove that social dilemma utilizes experimental designs (Sonderskov 2011). These researches, also suggests a positive and direct inter relationship between trust and cooperation. In other words, protecting the environments is a good measure of reducing social dilemma. There are important considerations that should not be ignored in dealing with environmental issues. Such as strength of ties that are found in cultural groups. Similarly, researchers from across the globe have devoted considerable effort to understanding how to generate cooperative behaviour amongst individuals of different cultures. 2. Analysis Social issues cross boundaries to impact every science and branch of study (Sagiv et al., 2011). With this recognition, there are wide ranges of theories that have the potential to apply to this social trap/dilemma of employing carbon fuels in day to day activities. Leading among many researchers is the economic game theory, or expected utility theory (McCarter et al., 2011). This approach argues that any person is a rational actor that is solely motivated to make the most of their personal positions, or utility in terms of a person’s economic self-interest. In this instance, the short term gains of employing polluting technology are seemingly insignificant in the face of day to day travel needs (Balleiet et al., 2013). With a willful form of defection, there is the sense of putting off the payment for future generations, leaving many of the population that seeks a cooperative solution with little recourse. According to the Game theory (structural solutions), there is much more likely for socially non-cooperative outcome, simply due to the ease of use and social acceptance, despite the documented negative instances related to the collection and consumption of these resources. Furthermore, many social dilemmas evoke and triggers conflict amongst moral values, making the correct choice less clear to decipher (Banks, 2006).Banks has implied how decision making about another’s welfare can frequently involve issues which are both personal and painful, thus judgements will need to be made which are ethical and promote human welfare (Banks, 2012). In knowledge of this, it is crucialto have proper justification for actions and in-actions.A second relevant theory of Utilitarianism has been developed by Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832): ‘Utilitarianism incorporates how actions have consequences, which should balance advantages and disadvantages, relatively within a certain course of action,’ (Parrott 2010, p. 54). When putting this principal into action it is acceptable for one person to suffer, if this translates to a greater number of people being happy. Two existing principles pertain to the theory of utilitarianism, and these arejustice and utility. Understanding the principle of justice can be captured in respect for equality and fairness, everyone’s happiness should be considered with the same weight. Utility as a principal infers the greatest good for everyone. However, both of these principlescan clash if the minority of people are unhappy. Beauchamp and Childress (2001) have outlined the principal ofjustice: which accounts for distribution of fair benefits, risks and costs; this encapsulates the notion that similar cases should be treated similarly.In a clinical role it is regarded as being within the job role to effectively ‘assess the whole situation, while workingfor outcomes while considering everyone’s best interests’ (Banks2012). Yet, each individual in the society has the option to disagree, and therefore defect from the effort, weakening the end results. An alternative complimentary approach is Virtue ethics and the theory of this principal investigates individual character. A persons ‘virtue ethics’ are thought to be guided and developed through their personal beliefs, and this process is said to determine overall character. As an approach Virtue ethics are carried out ‘according to which the basic judgments in ethics are judgments about character’ (Statman, 1997, p. 7).This argument indicates that a person could be co-operative by appealing to their better nature, rather than depending on the satisfaction of their immediate desires. It is recognised that issues of an ethical nature will often be embedded in personal responsibility or relationships. Linking the fight for a long term, environmentally balanced and healthy society with the need to provide a better future for the next generations, there is evidence that substantial progress can be made for the co-operative efforts (McCarter et al., 2011). The c ooperative effort will go a long way to create development and employment for the future generation. However, people will begin to see the advantage of being cooperative within the society. People with selfish interest will have a rethink of there actions. A further area of social science that applies to this case is referred to as Radical often recognized as ‘critical’ or ‘activist’ work (McCarter et al., 2011). Within this radical position the viewpoint taken is of a transformational approach, where concerns are placed on the transformation of society as this will benefit those who are most oppressed, or those suffering in adverse environmental conditions, in comparison to focusing on the individual profit, or day to day consumers (Hill, 2010). In addition, McIntyre (1982) as cited in Payne (2004) determined radical approaches and criticisms being that; traditionally, social work can lower complex social problems and turn them into individual psychological ones, while potentially cutting off service users from contact toothers who have similar problems.Yet, in in the case of pollution and using offered technology seems to translate to creating isolation between workers and those who need the service. Recent studies concerning environmental protection, results to timely and positive outcomes. They however ignore various factors or elements that influence the trust cooperation relationship that was ealier mentioned such as the strength of cultural ties that defines various cultural groups. 3. Reducing Defection Among the many possible solutions to decreasing defections and increasing possible cooperation is the option of motivational solutions (Khachatryan et al., 2013). Providing opportunities for mutual gain, both in the short and long term, creates an incentive for long term, effective cooperation and progress. There components of a must be assessed in order to create a reduced or improved environment (McCarter et al., 2011): Individualism or the presence of the tendency for a person to act selfishly Competition or the capacity to measure outcomes relative to others The opportunity for cooperation In this case is seems possible to incorporate all three elements into an effective anti-defection strategy. Emphasizing the positive aspects of using alternative fuels has the potential to inspire the individual to work outside the acceptable social net by not using fossil fuels. Furthermore, the creation of a competitive form of reporting would serve to build a measureable means for people to assess or examine their own efforts, as well as that of others. The first two are pro-self-approaches while the third is considered a prosocial orientation (Chen et al., 2012). Prosocial and pro-self-persons react differently when faced with a similar situation, making the need to find a solution that can bridge the gap between them critical. Prosocial views often concern themselves with the moral implications, thereby seek out cooperation. This can be seen in this context as the drive to harvest less from a common resource, thereby reducing overall dependency and negative consequences. Strategic solutions also have the potential to increase cooperation and reduce defections in the social dilemma of carbon fuel pollution (Ballet et al., 2013). This is an approach that uses interactions to create an environment of cooperation as the society uses a Tit for tat strategy. This approach seems to be present in the current discourse about carbon pollution with many consumers making a cooperative move, while at the same moment mirroring decisions of the partner. TFT applies to this dilemma in that it is a real-world strategy that has a proven record of success, thereby inciting many consumers to take part in the effort. These forms of structural changes alter the game by modifying the social dilemma or removing the issue completely. In this case a reduction in consumption has the potential to move on completely from the carbon fuel based system. Furthermore, research on conservation repeatedly illustrates that incentives are effective in decreasing consumption of resources as well as the adoption of renewable resources (Chen et al., 2012). Many case studies illustrate that cooperation is based on various factors, including the ability to monitor the situation in order to punish defectors leading to an external structure that opts to cooperate and self-organise with the inherent ability to communicate and share in order to effectively resolve social dilemmas. Cooperation and trust. According to Yamagishi and Cook 1993, trust can enhance or promote cooperation among individuals based on these, high trusters reciprocate others anticipated cooperation. (Granovetter 1992, De Cremer and Stouten 2003). These theories help to pass the message of cooperation among individuals thereby causing them to understand the dangers of social dilemma and how to avoid or reduce its effects in the society. Further research work has proved that trust levels are to be lower in a collective environment compared with that of individual cultures. According to Yamagishi theories, interregional trust difference applies in the US. Scholars suggest that comparing with the non-south, southern states are mostly characterized by a collectivist social relations (Reed 1974, 1983: Cohen et al. 1999). Various family ties are mostly paramount and a high lebel of poverty, strong regional identification and fundamentalist ethnic believes further unites ties to families. 4. Conclusion In conclusion, when evaluating the strengths the social dilemma of using carbon fuels, the need of the day to day consumer must be considered in the light of long term cost. Using a cooperative approach that serves to provide incentives and alternatives to possible defectors serves to enhance the underlying effort and add impact to the arguments that desire cooperation. Overall, it is certain that the core of the burden translates to effective planning while accounting for the present situation. With many possible solutions, this study has illustrated that following a radical approach could lead to empowerment of the service user, enable individuals to overcome social stigma attached to the pollution issue as educate them with skills needed to be independent in future. Creating a platform to educate and enlighten them will enhance their knowledge, skills and give them the idea of how to avoid or manage the effects of social dilemma in their society. In the end, in order to encourage cooperation there needs to be a viable alternative to be put in place that makes sense to individuals or the society at large on a day to day basis as well as being affordable to the common person. An inadequate well comprehensive strategy will only encourage those that resist change to depend on the technology of the past in order to face the challenges of the future. In addition, other solutions to this social dilemma require a full cooperation of the individuals to forgo their individual gain which will also be good for the benefit of the group. Other ways to deal with a social dilemma includes: environmental protection, media publicity such as TV and audio broadcasting, surveys and voting. Finally, there are several different methods of social dilemma, each involving different kinds of cooperation and approach e.g. one-time investment, prolonged investment and payoffs one-time benefit or loss, sustaining of a common resource pool. 5. References Balliet, D., Ferris, D. (2013). Ostracism and Prosocial behavior: A social dilemma perspective. Organizational Behavior And Human Decision Processes,120(2), 298-308. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.04.004 Banks, S. Gallagher, A. (2009). Ethics in professional life: virtues for health and social care. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Banks, S. (2012). Ethics and Values in Social Work. (fourth edition). Basingstoke New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Beauchamp, T. L., Childress, J. F. (2001).Principles of biomedical ethics. Oxford university press. Beckett, C. (2007). The reality principle: Realism as an ethical obligation. Ethics and Social Welfare, 1(3), 269-281. Beckett, C. (2012). Values and ethics in social work. Sage. Chen, X., Szolnoki, A., Perc, M. (2012). Risk-driven migration and the collective-risk social dilemma. Physical Review E,86(3). doi:10.1103/physreve.86.036101 Clifford, D., Burke, B. (2008).Anti-oppressive ethics and values in social work. Palgrave Macmillan. Darwall, S. (1995). The British Moralists and the InternalOught: 1640-1740. Cambridge University Press. Dolgoff, R., Loewenberg, F. M., Harrington, D. (2009). Ethical issues for social work practice. Derlega, V., Grzelak, J. (1982).Cooperation and helping behavior. New York: Academic Press. Hill, L. (2010). Radical indecision: Barthes, Blanchot, Derrida, and the future of criticism. Johnson, R. (2008). Kants moral philosophy. Khachatryan, H., Joireman, J., Casavant, K. (2013). Relating values and consideration of future and immediate consequences to consumer preference for biofuels: A three-dimensional social dilemma analysis.Journal Of Environmental Psychology,34, 97-108. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.01.001 McCarter, M., Mahoney, J., Northcraft, G. (2011). TESTING THE WATERS: USING COLLECTIVE REAL OPTIONS TO MANAGE THE SOCIAL DILEMMA OF STRATEGIC ALLIANCES.Academy Of Management Review,36(4), 621-640. doi:10.5465/amr.2011.65554629 Parrott, L. (2010). Values and ethics in social work practice. SAGE. Payne, G., Payne, J. (2004).Key concepts in social research. Sage. Saleebey, D. (1996). The strengths perspective in social work practice: Extensions and cautions. Social work, 41(3), 296-305. Statman, D. (1997). Virtue ethics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Sagiv, L., Sverdlik, N., Schwarz, N. (2011). To compete or to cooperate? Values impact on perception and action in social dilemma games.Eur. J. Soc. Psychol.,41(1), 64-77. doi:10.1002/ejsp.729 Thompson, N. (2007). Power and empowerment.Russell House Pub. Wilson, K. (2008). Social work: An introduction to contemporary practice. Pearson Education. Wilson, K., Ruch, G., Lymbery, M., Cooper, A. (2008).Social work. Essex: Pearson. 1

Geriatrics and Long-term Care Essay

Though her sons and daughters check in on her all of the time, they are not there 24 hours a day. She does not want to have something happen and no one find out until several hours or days go by. She is very active in the community and church and I expect that she will remain so, even after moving into the assisted living facilities. This report seeks to uncover long-term care/housing programs and services provided to older adults. I will focus on the mission and services provided. From this report, I expect to gain an understanding of long-term care options and the differences amongst them, so it will be useful for my aging parents. Introduction There are 1,065,502 people (15. 1%), aged 60 and above, in Virginia (U. S. Census Bureau, 2000). There are 216,588 households with those aged 65 and over living alone with 565,204 households that contain individuals aged 65 and above (U. S. Census Bureau, 2000). The second number, 565,204 does not state that the household contains only 65 and over individual or could be an older person living with their son or daughters family. If taken into the later context that leaves 283,728 elderly that lives other than their own home or with another family member. This results in a huge demand for housing of the elderly on this country. With the onset of the baby boomers coming of old age, it is necessary that the government looks at ways to handle the increased need for housing of the elderly. Determining long-term care options Not everyone will need a long-term care option when they age. In fact currently most of the elderly remain in their residence. The questions elderly must ask themselves if considering long-term care are many. Elderly may consider long term care if they have a physical or mental disability, chronic illness, terminal illness or if they are not able to care for themselves. Everyone will need to make their own decision when it comes time, but having the information about what services and programs are available will make the decision much easier. Long-Term Care Options There are seven types of licensed care services and facilities; Home Care Services, Community Based Care Services, Adult Day Care Centers, Continuing Care Retirement Communities (CCRCs), Assisted Living Facilities, Nursing Homes and Senior Housing. Which one to choose depends on factors that include, cost, insurance, health needs, medical condition of the person and value for services provided? Home care services Home care services are broken down into skilled care and home support. Skilled care is provided under direction of a physician and administered by registered nurses, physical, speech and occupational therapists. Home support provides shopping, meal preparation and light housekeeping, to include bathing and dressing. Other home support services provided include counseling and social work services. Home care services allow older and disabled persons to remain in a familiar environment while maintaining their independence and security. Home care is designed for elderly and disabled people that do not need nursing home care, but needs assistance with day-to-day health and personal needs. The cost of home care is often less expensive than hospital and nursing home care. Home care service can: †¢ Preserve independence and security; †¢ Allow recipient to remain home; †¢ Relieve stress for recipient and family members or caregivers; and †¢ Prevent unnecessary hospital or nursing home bills. Community-Based Care Services If you have the ability to transport yourself to social activities, health appointments or go out for meals, community-based care services are probably not needed. However, for the elderly who cannot get out on their own, or have family that can provide transportation, community-based care services can help. Community-based organizations are broadly made up of an all volunteer staff. Services offered differ amongst organizations. Adult Day Care Centers Provides social interaction and meals in a protected environment, thus allowing those take care of the elderly person time-away. Social interaction includes activities such as physical exercise, games, trips, art and music. Some adult care programs offer medical services, such as help taking medications or checking blood pressure. In the United States of America 1,141 of 3,141 counties lack enough space for adult day care (Shellenbarger, 2002). Transportation to and from adult daycare is sometimes offered by the adult day care center. Currently cost of adult day care averages about $60 a day. Though it sounds expensive it is cheap compared to home-care, assisted living and nursing home care. Adult day care is covered through Medicaid and those insurance companies that offer long-term care policies. Continuing Care Retirement Communities Continuing Care Retirement Communities (CCRCs) offer independent living in a cottage setting to skilled nursing care and in between. The services can be all-inclusive, modified to meet the residents needs or in a fee-for-service. CCRCs promote wellness, independence and socialization in a residential environment. The idea behind a CCRC is that elderly can stay in one place rather than moving from one long-term care option to the next. Example, your parents move into senior housing, then assisted living area, then for further care move into a nursing home, all of which are located in the same complex. Vice paying monthly for rent and services provided, elderly pay a fee or endowment to be part of the CCRC. Assisted Living Facilities Assisted living facilities are broken down into independent, residential or assisted living facilities. Independent and residential living facilities provide minimal assistance for those elderly with minor limitations. Assisted living provides more assistance for those elderly that need help due to major limitations. Services offered include oversight, health care services and help with daily living activities. Assisted living facilities are one of the fastest growing long-term care options available today. In 2000, there were only about 1,000,000, aged 65 and above living in assisted living or residential care (Munn, Hanson, Zimmerman, Sloane, Mitchell, 2006). Since then assisted living facilities have blossomed to over 36,000 licensed facilities providing for more than 9,000,000 residents (Hernandez, 2005-2006). The boom is due to affordability and the homelike living arrangements offered. Nursing Homes When family can no longer take of their elderly member that is injured or disabled, home cares is the preferred option, but if there are no availabilities, then nursing homes are appropriate. In 2000, 1,557,800, aged 65 and above lived in nursing homes (Munn, Hanson, Zimmerman, Sloane, Mitchell, 2006). Most elderly that utilize nursing homes are recovering from illness or injury. Nursing homes also provide hospice care for those terminal elderly; provide rehabilitation; or maintain care for those elderly with chronic health care needs. Nursing homes provide around the clock care for those recovering from illness and injury. The homes are for those elderly that need more medical attention than social gathering. Nursing homes also provide personal care in the form of bathing, dressing and going to the bathroom for the elderly. Senior Housing This is for those elderly that do not need long-term care, but live in a home that is not considered safe. Senior housing often is apartments that have been adapted for the elderly and include railing in bathrooms, wider hallways and raised outlets. Optional services provided include meals, housekeeping and social activities. Choosing the right long-term care option With the long-term care options, mentioned above, selecting which program or service is right can be overwhelming. Think about what it is that you mother, father, or both want in their older years. Ask the elderly what it is that they want? What are their needs? Do they need help with chores? Do they prefer small facilities, certain location, special living conditions? What is their financial situation? Will you be paying for long-term care or is insurance providing coverage? Is Medicare or Medicaid involved? Research available long-term care facilities near your residence first. Ask questions about what services/programs that are/are not provided, if they are insured, costs and vacancies. Check on fee’s for special care services or if extra fees are charged for services. Think about waiting list, if you find the one you want, but are not needed immediately or near term. Visit and tour the facility with your loved ones. Is it friendly, does it look clean, are people happy, what activities do the have for residents. How many staff is available, come back during different times of the day on different days. What the rooms are like are any options available? What are the residents allowed/not allowed doing? Is there a schedule for anything, eating, naps, bedtime, and social visits? How often are your loved ones checked on? Does the staff conduct regular care training? Ask other residents what their opinion of the long-term care facility? Check with the Better Business Bureau to check for any complaints filed. Conclusion In conclusion, though there are many choices for long-term care, it will come down to the individual, the elderly, the elderly family or a combination to determine which type of care will best fit there needs. There is no one fits all long-term care facility, such as there is no specific type of elderly person. Everyone age’s differently and each will have their own very specific needs when it comes time to make a decision on long-term care. Some will choose to remain in their home while others may choose a community setting. However, one thing is known and that is the elderly population is increasing in the United States. This will lead to a higher demand for long-term care services in the future. In the past families tended to take care of their own and their parents, whereas now the elderly will have to start looking at looking at for themselves, though some will be taken care of by their children. In the end, follow your instincts. Choose a place that treats your parents with respect and makes them feel comfortable. References Bolda, E. J. (2006). Community Partnerships for Older Adults: Meeting the Housing Challenge. Generations, 29(4), 61-63.